US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Standards:

1. Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge

SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to amend management standards for sewage sludge by adding a numeric concentration limit for dioxin and dioxin-like compounds (``dioxins'') in sewage sludge that is applied to the land, and monitoring, record keeping and reporting requirements for dioxins in sewage sludge that is land applied. Today's action also presents the results of risk assessments for dioxins in sewage sludge that is applied to the land, placed in surface disposal units, or incinerated. Based on these risk assessments, the Agency is not proposing additional numeric standards or management practice requirements

2. Sewage Sludge (Biosolids) 503 Standards

a) Purpose:

1. This part establishes standards, which consist of general requirements, pollutant limits, management practices, and operational standards, for the final use or disposal of sewage sludge generated during the treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment works. Standards are included in this part for sewage sludge applied to the land, placed on a surface disposal site, or fired in a sewage sludge incinerator. Also included in this part are pathogen and alternative vector attraction reduction requirements for sewage sludge applied to the land or placed on a surface disposal site.

2. In addition, the standards in this part include the frequency of monitoring and recordkeeping requirements when sewage sludge is applied to the land, placed on a surface disposal site, or fired in a sewage sludge incinerator. Also included in this part are reporting requirements for Class I sludge management facilities, publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) with a design flow rate equal to or greater than one million gallons per day, and POTWs that serve 10,000 people or more.

(b) Applicability:

1. This part applies to any person who prepares sewage sludge, applies sewage sludge to the land, or fires sewage sludge in a sewage sludge incinerator and to the owner/operator of a surface disposal site.

2. This part applies to sewage sludge applied to the land, placed on a surface disposal site, or fired in a sewage sludge incinerator.

3. This part applies to the exit gas from a sewage sludge incinerator stack.

4. This part applies to land where sewage sludge is applied, to a surface disposal site, and to a sewage sludge incinerator.

3. Effluent Limitations Guidelines, Pretreatment Standards, and New Source Performance Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category

SUMMARY: This final rule represents the culmination of the Agency's effort to revise Clean Water Act (CWA) effluent limitations guidelines and standards for wastewater discharges from the iron and steel manufacturing industry. The final regulation revises technology-based effluent limitations guidelines and standards for certain wastewater discharges associated with metallurgical cokemaking, sintering, and ironmaking operations; and codifies new effluent limitations guidelines and standards for direct reduced ironmaking, briquetting, and forging. EPA is also revising the regulations for the steelmaking subcategory, to provide an allowance for existing basic oxygen furnaces operating semi-wet air pollution control systems; and to establish technology-based effluent limitations guidelines and standards for electric arc furnaces operating semi-wet pollution control systems. EPA is eliminating rule references to the following obsolete operations: beehive cokemaking in the cokemaking subcategory, ferromanganese blast furnaces in the ironmaking subcategory, and open hearth furnace operations in the steelmaking subcategory. EPA is not revising effluent limitations guidelines and standards for the remaining subcategories within this industrial category: vacuum degassing, continuous casting, hot forming, salt bath descaling, acid pickling, cold forming, alkaline cleaning and hot coating. Nor is EPA codifying a new subcategorization scheme and associated definitions to support the new subcategorization for this industrial category.

WHO GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER, EXCRETA AND GREYWATER

The Guidelines are presented in four separate volumes:

Volume 1, Policy and regulatory aspects

Volume 2, Wastewater use in agriculture

Volume 3, Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture

Volume 4, Excreta and greywater use in agriculture

Government of British Columbia, Canada Municipal Sewage Guidelines

The Environmental Management Act allows municipalities and regional districts to develop Liquid Waste Management Plans for approval by the Minister of Environment. The Liquid Waste Management Plan (LWMP) consists of operational certificates, which replace waste discharge permits; a strategy to ensure liquid waste disposal conforms with Ministry objectives; an implementation schedule; and measures to accommodate future development. An approved plan authorizes a municipality to discharge waste and store recyclable materials in accordance with Operational Certificates, other provisions of the waste management plan, and the Minister's requirements. In most cases, LWMPs will prove more economical and more effective than the permit system, and it is anticipated that municipalities and regional districts will develop plans voluntarily. The Environmental Management Act now allows the minister to direct a municipality to prepare or revise a waste management plan. LWMPs must be consistent with the ministry's long-term waste management objectives. These guidelines will help municipalities determine what should be addressed in a Liquid Waste Management Plan.

Environmental Protection Department -the Government of Hong Kong: Guidelines for Estimating Sewage Flows for Sewage Infrastructure Planning (Version 1.0)

This Technical Paper, for the reference of EPD staff, outlines the methodology and provides guidance for estimating sewage flows in sewerage infrastructure planning. In conjunction with this Technical Paper, the methodology and parameters for sewage flow estimation described in DSD’s Sewerage Manual – Part I may continue to be applicable for use by external parties and other government departments. Regardless of the choice of the design basis, the designer has to provide justification for the parameters used.

Guidelines for Sewerage Systems - Sewerage Systems Overflows

Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand and the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, 2004

The Guidelines for Sewerage Systems - Sewerage System Overflows is one of a suite of documents comprising the National Water Quality Management Strategy. These Guidelines provide advice on reclaimed water quality, level of treatment, safeguards and controls and monitoring

Reports

Evaluation of the H2S Method for Detection of Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water

This report critically reviews the scientific basis, validity, available data and other evidence for and against H2S tests as measures or indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water. The test was originally developed to detect in a volume of water the production of H2S by enteric bacteria associated with fecal contamination by the formation of a black precipitate from the reaction of the H2S with iron in the medium.  This relatively simple, low cost test has been studied, modified in various ways, tested and used to some extent in many parts of the world as an indicator of fecal contamination of drinking water.

Guide For Design Installation & Operation Of Small Flow Sewage Treatment Facilities

summary The purpose of this Manual is to provide guidelines for the design, installation and operation of Small Flow Sewage Treatment Facilities (SFSTF). These facilities are intended to serve single family residences, duplexes and small commercial establishments with domestic type sewage (BOD consistent with Appendix A) not exceeding 2000 gallons per day. For new building sites small flow sewage treatment facilities are used to serve residential dwellings only if on-lot systems cannot be used (See 25 Pa. Code, Chapter 71, Section 71.64). For small commercial establishments with domestic type sewage they may also be used only to repair or replace malfunctioning systems. Small flow treatment facilities must be capable of producing an effluent suitable for discharge without violating NPDES permit limits or polluting groundwaters of the Commonwealth. They may not be used to discharge to any stream which is rated as Exceptional Value under Chapter 93 and may only discharge to High Quality Streams when used to repair a malfunctioning system

World Health Organization: Indicators of microbial water quality

summery Current guidelines in the three water-related areas (drinking water, wastewater and recreational water) assess quality, in microbiological terms, by measuring indicator organisms. This chapter looks at the history and examines some of the methods used to assess the microbiological quality of water, highlighting the current limitations and also possible future developments.

World Health Organization, WHO: Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines

Summery Three different approaches for establishing guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater that is reused for agriculture are reviewed. These approaches have different objectives as their outcomes: the absence of faecal indicator organisms in the wastewater, the absence of a measurable excess of cases of enteric disease in the exposed population and a model-generated estimated risk below a defined acceptable risk. If the second approach (using empirical epidemiological studies supplemented by microbiological studies of the transmission of pathogens) is used in conjunction with the third approach (using a model-based quantitative risk assessment for selected pathogens) a powerful tool is produced that aids the development of regulations. This combined approach is more cost-effective than the first approach and adequately protects public health.

 

The guideline limit for faecal coliform bacteria in unrestricted irrigation (41000 faecal coliform bacteria/100 ml) is valid, but for restricted irrigation 4105 faecal coliform bacteria/100 ml is recommended when adult farm workers are exposed to spray irrigation. A limit of4103 faecal coliform bacteria/100 ml is recommended if flood irrigation is used or children are exposed. The guideline limit for nematode eggs for both types of irrigation is adequate except when conditions favour the survival of nematode eggs and where children are exposed; in these cases it should be reduced from 41 egg/l to 40.1 egg/l

ActewAGL- Water Supply and Sewerage Standards : Release 2 with amendments, updated Oct 2006

summery Provided by ActewAGL which is Australia's first multi-utility to offer electricity, natural gas, water and wastewater services under one roof.This document sets out standards for the design of water supply and sewerage reticulation systems to meet the above objectives, and is applicable to the design of new development and redevelopment areas, with emphasis on works to be handled by designers or consultants (on behalf of developers). The practices should not be interpreted as relieving designers of the responsibility to properly assess all conditions, and shall not be interpreted as relieving the use of professional judgement and sound practices required in developing economic proposals.

 

It is expected that the durability of materials used shall be no less than 100 years for civil works and pipes, and 15 to 25 years for electrical and mechanical equipment.

 

This document sets out the intent to be achieved and standards that normally achieve the intent. The approval of ACTEW is required where a particular design encompasses the intent but is best resolved by not utilising a standard.

Raw Sewage and Marine Pollution Information Source